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涓枃鍚嶇О
鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛?
澶栨枃鍚嶇О
The Open University of China
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鍥藉紑澶с€丱UC
涓昏闄㈢郴
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鐜颁换鏍¢暱
鑽嗗痉鍒?
鍒涘姙鏃堕棿
2012.06.21锛堟暀鍙戝嚱2012103鍙凤級
鐭ュ悕鏍″弸
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涓崕浜烘皯鍏卞拰鍥芥暀鑲查儴

浜屻€囦竴浜屽勾鍏湀浜屽崄涓€鏃?

鏁欒偛鎺㈢储

鏍″洯娲诲姩鏍″洯娲诲姩(5)20涓栫邯70骞翠唬鑻卞浗寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︽垚绔嬩互鏉ワ紝鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︽棩鐩婃垚涓轰笘鐣岄珮绛夋暀鑲叉敼闈╁彂灞曠殑涓€涓噸瑕佽秼鍔匡紝瀹冧互寮€鏀炬暀鑲蹭负鍩烘湰鐗瑰緛锛屽己璋冩暀鑲茶蹇电殑寮€鏀俱€佸姙瀛︽柟寮忕殑寮€鏀俱€佸涔犲璞$殑寮€鏀俱€佹暀鑲茶祫婧愮殑寮€鏀撅紝涓烘瘡涓€涓湁鎰挎湜銆佹湁鑳藉姏瀛︿範鐨勭ぞ浼氭垚鍛樻彁渚涢珮绛夋暀鑲茬殑鏈轰細鍜屾湇鍔°€傗€滄垚绔嬪浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紝缁濅笉鏄箍鎾數瑙嗗ぇ瀛︾殑绠€鍗曟洿鍚嶆垨鎹㈢墝锛岃€岃閫傚簲鍥藉鍙戝睍闇€瑕佸拰鎶€鏈彂灞曡秼鍔匡紝瀹炵幇鎴樼暐杞瀷銆傗€濆浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︽牎闀?a class="ed_inner_link" target="_blank" href="https://baike.sogou.com/lemma/ShowInnerLink.htm?lemmaId=64618534&ss_c=ssc.citiao.link">鏉ㄥ織鍧?/a>鍦?鏃ヤ妇琛岀殑鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︽枃鍖栧缓璁惧骇璋堜細涓婅锛氣€滀粠鍘嗗彶鎯呭喌鐪嬶紝骞挎挱鐢佃澶у铏界劧鍏锋湁寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︽€ц川锛屼絾寮€鏀惧緱杩樹笉澶燂紝杩樹笉鑳藉畬鍏ㄩ€傚簲涓嶆柇鍙戝睍鐫€鐨勭粡娴庣ぞ浼氱殑瀹為檯闇€瑕併€傗€?

鏍规嵁鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︾殑寤鸿瑙勫垝锛屼粖鍚庡皢鐫€鍔涘紑灞曞洓椤规帰绱€?

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鍥涜浠ュ鍒嗛摱琛屽缓璁句负鎶撴墜锛屽疄鐜板悇绉嶅涔犳垚鏋溿€佺Н绱拰杞崲銆?

2鍔炲鏉′欢

鏁欏寤鸿

鍔炲浣撶郴

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︽槸鐢变腑澶箍鎾數瑙嗗ぇ瀛﹀拰鍦版柟骞挎挱鐢佃澶у涓哄熀纭€缁勫缓鐨勪竴涓畬鏁寸殑鏁欏鍜岀鐞嗕綋绯汇€傚浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︾殑鍔炲浣撶郴鐢辨€婚儴銆佸垎閮ㄣ€佸湴鏂瑰闄€佸涔犱腑蹇冨拰琛屼笟銆?a class="ed_inner_link" target="_blank" href="https://baike.sogou.com/lemma/ShowInnerLink.htm?lemmaId=68450202&ss_c=ssc.citiao.link">浼佷笟瀛﹂櫌鍏卞悓缁勬垚锛屾槸鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀厖鍒嗗彂鎸ョ郴缁熶紭鍔垮拰鐜颁唬淇℃伅鎶€鏈紭鍔匡紝瀹炵幇鍔炲缃戠粶绔嬩綋瑕嗙洊鍏ㄥ浗鍩庝埂锛屼负涓浗绀句細鎴愬憳鎻愪緵澶氭牱鍖栫户缁暀鑲叉湇鍔″拰瀛︿範鏈轰細鐨勯噸瑕佷繚闅溿€?

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︿綋绯荤粨鏋勫拰杩愯鏈哄埗濡備笅锛?/span>

鎬婚儴

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鍒嗛儴

鍒嗛儴鏄浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︽€讳綋鏋舵瀯涓殑閲嶈缁勬垚閮ㄥ垎锛屾槸鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹁绔嬪湪鐪佺骇鍖哄煙鐨勬暀瀛︿笌绠$悊鏈烘瀯銆傚垎閮ㄤ笌鎵€渚濇墭鐨勭渷绾х數澶э紝鎸夌収鈥滀竴濂椾汉椹€佷袱鍧楃墝瀛愨€濊繍琛岋紝鍗冲湪鐪佺骇骞挎挱鐢佃澶у鐨勫熀纭€涓婏紝鍔犳寕鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀垎閮ㄧ墝瀛愩€傜渷绾х數澶у師鏈夌殑浜恒€佽储銆佺墿闅跺睘鍏崇郴鍜岃鏀跨鐞嗗叧绯讳笉鍙橈紝涓庝腑澶數澶у師鏈夌殑鏁欏涓氬姟鍏崇郴涓嶅彉銆傚垎閮ㄦ牎闀跨敱渚濇墭寤鸿鐨勭渷绾х數澶ф牎闀挎媴浠汇€傚垎閮ㄧ殑涓昏鑱岃矗鏄細鏍规嵁鎬婚儴鐨勭浉鍏虫斂绛栬瀹氾紝鐮旂┒銆佸埗瀹氬垎閮ㄧ殑鍏蜂綋鍙戝睍瑙勫垝鍜岀浉鍏虫斂绛栵紱璁剧疆銆佺鐞嗘墍灞炲湴鏂瑰闄㈠強瀛︿範涓績锛涚粍缁囧紑灞曞悇椤规暀瀛︺€佺鐮斻€佹湇鍔★紝浠ュ強鐩稿叧鏁欏璧勬簮銆佺壒鑹蹭笓涓氬拰璇剧▼寤鸿鍜岃川閲忔鏌ャ€佽瘎浼扮瓑宸ヤ綔銆?

鍦版柟瀛﹂櫌

鍦版柟寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛? width=鍦版柟寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛?4)鏍规嵁鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀湴鏂瑰闄㈣缃爣鍑嗭紝鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀鎵樺垎閮ㄥ湪鎵€灞炲尯鍩熷唴璁剧珛鑻ュ共鐩村睘鍜岀浉瀵圭嫭绔嬬殑鍦版柟瀛﹂櫌銆傚闄㈢殑涓昏鑱岃矗鏄細鍒跺畾鍏蜂綋鍙戝睍瑙勫垝鍜屾斂绛栵紱缁勭粐鎷涚敓銆佽€冭瘯鍜岀浉鍏虫暀瀛︾鐞嗐€佽川閲忔鏌ュ伐浣滐紱涓庡闄㈡墍鍦ㄥ湴鐩稿叧閮ㄩ棬銆佷紒涓氱瓑鍗曚綅鍚堜綔锛屽厖鍒嗗埄鐢ㄥ浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀悇绫诲涔犺祫婧愬拰鍩硅椤圭洰锛屽ぇ鍔涘紑灞曠浉鍏宠亴涓氭暀鑲层€佺ぞ鍖烘暀鑲茬瓑闈炲鍘嗙户缁暀鑲插伐浣溿€?

瀛︿範涓績

鏍规嵁鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀涔犱腑蹇冭缃爣鍑嗭紝鍒嗛儴鎴栧垎閮ㄦ巿鏉冨湴鏂瑰闄㈠湪鎵€灞炲尯鍩熷唴璁剧珛鑻ュ共瀛︿範涓績銆傚涔犱腑蹇冧富瑕佽亴璐f槸锛氬湪鍒嗛儴鎴栧闄㈡寚瀵间笅寮€灞曟嫑鐢熴€佽€冭瘯鍜屽叿浣撶殑鏁欏绠$悊銆佹暀瀛﹁緟瀵煎拰瀛︿範鏀寔鏈嶅姟宸ヤ綔锛涚粍缁囧疄鏂藉悇绫诲煿璁」鐩拰寮€灞曠ぞ鍖烘暀鑲茬瓑宸ヤ綔銆?

琛屼笟浼佷笟瀛﹂櫌

鍏竴瀛﹂櫌鍏竴瀛﹂櫌(3)鏍规嵁鍥藉浜т笟缁撴瀯璋冩暣鍜岃涓氱户缁暀鑲插彂灞曢渶瑕侊紝鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︿笌鐩稿叧閮ㄥ銆佽涓氬崗浼氥€佷紒涓氬悎浣滐紝寤虹珛鑻ュ共琛屼笟銆佷紒涓氬闄紝琛屼笟銆佷紒涓氬闄笅璁捐嫢骞插涔犱腑蹇冦€備富瑕佽亴璐f槸锛氬埗瀹氬叿浣撳彂灞曡鍒掑拰鏀跨瓥锛屽紑鍙戣亴涓氭暀鑲插拰浼佷笟鍩硅绫昏祫婧愶紝鍏呭垎鍒╃敤鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀涔犺祫婧愶紝澶у姏寮€灞曚互鎻愬崌鑱屼笟鑳藉姏涓烘牳蹇冪殑鍚勯」闈炲鍘嗙户缁暀鑲插伐浣滐紝涓哄缓璁惧涔犲瀷琛屼笟銆佷紒涓氭湇鍔°€?

鍚勫湴鏂广€佷腑蹇冦€佽涓氥€佷紒涓氬闄竴瑙堬細

搴忓彿

鍚勫湴鍖哄闄㈠悕绉?

1

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2

澶╂触骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙澶╂触锛?

3

娌冲寳骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙娌冲寳锛?

4

灞辫タ骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙灞辫タ锛?

5

鍐呰挋鍙ゅ箍鎾數瑙嗗ぇ瀛?鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙鍐呰挋鍙わ級

6

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7

娌堥槼骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙娌堥槼锛?

8

澶ц繛骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙澶ц繛锛?

9

鍚夋灄骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙鍚夋灄锛?

10

闀挎槬骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙闀挎槬锛?

11

榛戦緳姹熷箍鎾數瑙嗗ぇ瀛?鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙榛戦緳姹燂級

12

鍝堝皵婊ㄥ箍鎾數瑙嗗ぇ瀛?鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙鍝堝皵婊級

13

涓婃捣寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛?/a>/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙涓婃捣锛?

14

姹熻嫃寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛?/a>/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙姹熻嫃锛?

15

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16

娴欐睙骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙娴欐睙锛?

17

瀹佹尝骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙瀹佹尝锛?

18

瀹夊窘骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙瀹夊窘锛?

19

绂忓缓骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙绂忓缓锛?

20

鍘﹂棬甯傚箍鎾數瑙嗗ぇ瀛?/a>/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙鍘﹂棬锛?

21

姹熻タ骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙姹熻タ锛?

22

灞变笢骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙灞变笢锛?

23

闈掑矝骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙闈掑矝锛?

24

娌冲崡骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙娌冲崡锛?

25

婀栧寳骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙婀栧寳锛?

26

姝︽眽甯傚箍鎾數瑙嗗ぇ瀛?鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙姝︽眽锛?

27

婀栧崡骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙婀栧崡锛?

28

骞夸笢寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛?/a>/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙骞夸笢锛?

29

骞垮窞甯傚箍鎾數瑙嗗ぇ瀛?/a>/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙骞垮窞锛?

30

娣卞湷骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙娣卞湷锛?

31

骞胯タ骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙骞胯タ锛?

32

娴峰崡骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙娴峰崡锛?

33

鍥涘窛骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙鍥涘窛锛?

34

鎴愰兘骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙鎴愰兘锛?

35

閲嶅簡骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙閲嶅簡锛?

36

璐靛窞骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙璐靛窞锛?

37

浜戝崡寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛?/a>/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙浜戝崡锛?

38

闄曡タ骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙闄曡タ锛?

39

瑗垮畨骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙瑗垮畨锛?

40

鐢樿們骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙鐢樿們锛?

41

闈掓捣骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙闈掓捣锛?

42

瀹佸骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙瀹佸锛?

43

鏂扮枂骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙鏂扮枂锛?

44

鏂扮枂鍏靛洟骞挎挱鐢佃澶у/鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紙鍏靛洟锛?

45

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀叓涓€瀛﹂櫌

46

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︾┖鍐涘闄?/a>

47

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀啗鐩惧闄?

48

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛?a class="ed_inner_link" target="_blank" href="https://baike.sogou.com/lemma/ShowInnerLink.htm?lemmaId=72964375&ss_c=ssc.citiao.link">瑗胯棌瀛﹂櫌

49

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︽畫鐤句汉鏁欒偛瀛﹂櫌

50

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀寳浜疄楠屽闄?

51

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀崡娴峰疄楠屽闄?

52

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀お鍘熷疄楠屽闄?

53

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀ぉ搴滄柊鍖哄疄楠屽闄?

54

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀涔犱腑蹇冿紙缁熻锛?

55

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀涔犱腑蹇冿紙涓滃寳璐㈢粡澶у锛?

56

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀涔犱腑蹇冿紙TCL闆嗗洟锛?

57

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀寳浜€佸勾瀛﹂櫌

58

鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︾綉缁滅┖闂村畨鍏ㄥ闄?

杩愯鏈哄埗

鈥?314宸ョ▼鈥?/span>鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︿綋绯诲唴閮ㄥ疄琛屾€婚儴銆佸垎閮ㄤ袱绾х鐞嗕綋鍒讹紝鎸夌収鈥滅粺涓€鎴樼暐銆佸叡鍚屽钩鍙般€佽祫婧愬叡浜€佺浉瀵圭嫭绔嬨€佸悇鍏风壒鑹测€濆師鍒欒繍琛屻€傚鏍℃満鍒?

锛堜竴锛夌粺涓€鎴樼暐鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︿綋绯荤鎸佸叡鍚岀殑浣垮懡銆佹垬鐣ョ洰鏍囥€佸彂灞曚换鍔°€佽川閲忔爣鍑嗗拰浠峰€艰拷姹傘€傞伒寰浉瀵圭粺涓€鐨勫熀鏈埗搴︺€佹斂绛栵紝鍖呮嫭瀛︿範鍒跺害锛屼笓涓氥€佽绋嬪缓璁撅紝瀛︿範鎴愭灉璁よ瘉锛岃祫婧愬叡寤哄叡浜紝璐ㄩ噺鏍囧噯鍜屼繚璇佷綋绯荤瓑銆?

锛堜簩锛夊叡鍚屽钩鍙板浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︽槸鍚勫垎閮ㄣ€佸闄€佸涔犱腑蹇冪殑鍏叡骞冲彴銆傚浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀厖鍒嗗埄鐢ㄧ幇浠d俊鎭妧鏈紝鎼缓鎶€鏈厛杩涖€佸姛鑳藉己澶с€佸洓閫氬叓杈撅紝闆嗘暀瀛︺€佺鐮斻€佺鐞嗐€佹湇鍔′簬涓€浣擄紝鑳藉婊¤冻鏁欏銆佺鐮斻€佹湇鍔″拰瀛﹀垎璁よ瘉闇€瑕佺殑缃戠粶骞冲彴銆傚悇鍒嗛儴鍙惌寤轰笌鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛︾綉缁滃钩鍙扮浉铻嶇浉閫氱殑缃戠粶搴旂敤骞冲彴銆傚浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︾綉缁滃钩鍙颁篃鏄ぞ浼氬叕鍏辨湇鍔″钩鍙帮紝涓哄叏浣撶ぞ浼氭垚鍛樺拰鐩稿叧楂樼瓑瀛︽牎銆佺户缁暀鑲叉満鏋勬彁渚涙暀鑲叉湇鍔″拰鏁欒偛鏀寔銆?

锛堜笁锛夎祫婧愬叡浜浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︽帹杩涚綉缁滃钩鍙颁笌浼樿川鏁欏璧勬簮鐨勫叡寤哄叡浜紝鎻愰珮璐ㄩ噺锛屾墿澶ц妯★紝闄嶄綆鎴愭湰銆傚嚭鍙扮浉鍏虫斂绛栵紝榧撳姳鍚勬柟鍙備笌鏁板瓧鍖栧涔?/a>璧勬簮鍏卞缓銆佸熀浜庣綉缁滅殑涓撲笟鍜岃绋嬫暀瀛﹀洟闃熷強绉戠爺鍥㈤槦鍏卞缓銆傚垎鏈熷垎鎵瑰湪鍒嗛儴璁剧珛鑻ュ共鏁板瓧鍖栧涔犺祫婧愬垎涓績锛屽疄鐜板涔犺祫婧愬叡寤哄叡浜紝骞跺悜绀句細寮€鏀惧浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︽暟瀛楀寲瀛︿範璧勬簮銆?

锛堝洓锛夌浉瀵圭嫭绔嬪悇鍒嗛儴鏍规嵁鏈尯鍩熺粡娴庣ぞ浼氬彂灞曢渶瑕佸拰鍩烘湰鏉′欢锛岃嚜涓诲埗瀹氱浉鍏虫敼闈╁彂灞曟斂绛栵紝璁剧疆瀛﹂櫌銆佸涔犱腑蹇冿紝澶у姏寮€灞曢潪瀛﹀巻缁х画鏁欒偛銆傛寜鐓у浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︹€滈敊浣嶅彂灞曗€濆師鍒欙紝寤鸿鐗硅壊涓撲笟鍜岃绋嬶紝杈惧埌寤鸿鏍囧噯鐨勪笓涓氬拰璇剧▼锛屽彲涓婂崌鍒板浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀钩鍙帮紝闈㈠悜鍏ㄥ浗鎷涚敓銆傚浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀凡鏈変笓涓氾紝鍚勫垎閮ㄨ鍏呭垎鍒╃敤锛屼笉鍐嶉噸澶嶅缓璁俱€?

锛堜簲锛夊悇鍏风壒鑹查紦鍔卞悇鍒嗛儴銆佸闄€佸涔犱腑蹇冩牴鎹墍鍦ㄥ尯鍩熺粡娴庣ぞ浼氬彂灞曢渶瑕侊紝鎺㈢储褰㈡垚鍚勮嚜鐨勫姙瀛︾壒鑹层€傚挨鍏惰鍦ㄩ潪瀛﹀巻缁х画鏁欒偛鏂归潰锛岀Н鏋佸埄鐢ㄥ浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀姙瀛︾綉缁溿€佸涔犺祫婧愬拰鍩硅椤圭洰锛岃嚜涓诲紑灞曞悇绉嶆湁閽堝鎬х殑鏁欒偛鍩硅鏈嶅姟銆?

鏁欒偛浣垮懡

涓粍閮ㄣ€佹暀鑲查儴鑰佸共閮ㄤ负寮€澶ч璇?/span>鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀己璋冣€滃紑鏀俱€佽矗浠汇€佽川閲忋€佸鏍峰寲銆佸浗闄呭寲鈥濈殑鍔炲鐞嗗康锛屽ぇ鍔涘彂灞曢潪瀛﹀巻缁х画鏁欒偛锛岀ǔ姝ュ彂灞曞鍘嗙户缁暀鑲诧紝鎺ㄨ繘鐜颁唬绉戞妧涓庢暀鑲茬殑娣卞害铻嶅悎锛屾惌寤虹粓韬涔犫€滅珛浜ゆˉ鈥濓紝閫傚簲鍥藉缁忔祹绀句細鍙戝睍鍜?a class="ed_inner_link" target="_blank" href="https://baike.sogou.com/lemma/ShowInnerLink.htm?lemmaId=560892&ss_c=ssc.citiao.link">浜虹殑鍏ㄩ潰鍙戝睍闇€瑕侊紝淇冭繘缁堣韩鏁欒偛浣撶郴寤鸿锛屼績杩涘叏姘戝涔犮€佺粓韬涔犵殑瀛︿範鍨嬬ぞ浼氬舰鎴愩€傜粡杩?0骞村姫鍔涳紝鎶婂浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀缓璁炬垚涓轰腑鍥介珮绛夋暀鑲蹭綋绯讳腑涓€鎵€鏂板瀷澶у锛涗笘鐣屽紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︿綋绯讳腑瀵屾湁涓浗鐗硅壊鐨勫紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︼紱涓浗瀛︿範鍨嬬ぞ浼氱殑閲嶈鏀煴銆?

3瀛︽湳鐮旂┒

绉戠爺骞冲彴

缁勭粐鏈烘瀯

鏁欏绉戠爺閮ㄩ棬

>>| 鏂囨硶鏁欏閮?| 缁忔祹绠$悊鏁欏閮?| 鐞嗗伐鏁欏閮?| 鏁欒偛鏁欏閮?

>>| 鍐滄灄鍖昏嵂鏁欏閮紙涓浗鐕庡師骞挎挱鐢佃瀛︽牎銆佲€滀竴鏉戜竴鈥濆姙鍏锛?| 澶栬鏁欏閮?| 鑹烘湳鏁欏閮?

>>| 瀹為獙瀛﹂櫌 | 涓瓑鑱屼笟瀛︽牎锛?a class="ed_inner_link" target="_blank" href="https://baike.sogou.com/lemma/ShowInnerLink.htm?lemmaId=7879741&ss_c=ssc.citiao.link">涓ぎ骞挎挱鐢佃涓瓑涓撲笟瀛︽牎锛?| 瀵瑰姹夎鏁欏涓績

>>| 鍩硅瀛﹂櫌锛堝煿璁腑蹇冿級 | 鏁欒偛鐮旂┒闄紙绉戠爺绠$悊澶勶級

鏁欏绉戠爺绠$悊涓庢湇鍔¢儴闂?/span>

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琛屾斂绠$悊閮ㄩ棬

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鍏朵粬鏈烘瀯

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妯″紡

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绯荤粺

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鏈嶅姟

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瀛︽湳浜ゆ祦

澶у鑱旂洘

涓哄疄鐜板浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︾殑鍘嗗彶浣垮懡鍜岀ぞ浼氫环鍊硷紝淇冭繘瀛︿範鍨嬬ぞ浼氬舰鎴愶紝鍏呭垎鍒╃敤绀句細浼樿川璧勬簮锛屽浗瀹跺紑鏀惧ぇ瀛︽垚绔嬪洓澶ф敮鎸佽仈鐩熴€備笌鍥藉唴鑻ュ共鎵€澶у鍚堜綔,鎴愮珛澶у鏀寔鑱旂洘锛屼緷鎵樺叾甯堣祫銆佷笓涓氥€佽绋嬭祫婧愪紭鍔匡紝鍏ㄩ潰淇冭繘鍥藉寮€鏀惧ぇ瀛﹀缓璁俱€備笌鑻ュ共琛屼笟鍗忎細銆佸ぇ鍨嬩紒涓氥€佷腑蹇冨煄甯傚悎浣?鎴愮珛琛屼笟鏀寔鑱旂洘銆佷紒涓氭敮鎸佽仈鐩熷拰鍩庡競鏀寔鑱旂洘锛屽埄鐢ㄥ悇鑷祫婧愬拰浼樺娍锛屽ぇ鍔涘紑灞曞悇绫?a class="ed_inner_link" target="_blank" href="https://baike.sogou.com/lemma/ShowInnerLink.htm?lemmaId=7756748&ss_c=ssc.citiao.link">鑱屼笟鎶€鑳藉煿璁?/a>銆佺ぞ鍖烘暀鑲层€佸叕姘戠礌璐ㄦ暀鑲诧紝鎺ㄨ繘瀛︿範鍨嬭涓氥€佸涔犲瀷浼佷笟鍜屽涔犲瀷鍩庡競寤鸿銆?

澹畼鏁欒偛

澹畼鏁欒偛澹畼鏁欒偛(4)2013骞村+瀹樿繙绋嬫暀鑲叉暀瀛﹀勾浼氬湪浜妇鍔?澹畼杩滅▼鏁欒偛瀹炵幇5骞村闀跨洰鏍?/span>

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